Щодо правового забезпечення застосування інноваційної технології блокчейн в Україні

Abstract

Стаття розкриває правові аспекти імплементації інноваційної технології блокчейн. Аналізуються визначення поняття «технології блокчейн» у розглянутих Верховною Радою України та центральними органами виконавчої влади нормативно-правових актах. Проаналізовано правові підходи до законодавчого регулювання використання у нормах права України відносин з досягнення приватних і публічних інтересів, вказано на суттєві недоліки сучасного правового регулювання та на потребу легалізації технології блокчейн. Запропоновано правовий механізм імплементації технології блокчейн до електронних інформаційних систем.

The article sets the following goal: a comprehensive legal analysis of the current state of legislative regulation of relations with the use of blockchain technology in Ukraine, determination of the directions of its implementation in legal norms and the provision of suggestions. The authors analized the attempts to regulate blockchain technology in draft laws of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, subordinate legislation of central executive bodies. The noted imperfection of the proposed definitions of the concept do not reflect the technical nature of the technology infrastructure. Attention is paid to the European experience of implementing blockchain technology. The DLT regulation legalized the use of technology for market infrastructures. The MiCA regulation defined the infrastructure of the cryptocurrency market, the rights and obligations of service providers, and the powers of supervisory authorities. As a result, the legal market of cryptocurrencies is functioning. The authors considered the Draft Law on Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine and Certain Other Legislative Acts of Ukraine on the Regulation of the Turnover of Virtual Assets in Ukraine No. 10225-d dated 04/24/2025. This indicates the borrowing of the main provisions of the DLT Regulation and the MiCA Regulation. The mechanical transfer of the norms of the DLT Regulation and the MiCA Regulation to the legislation indicates the theoretical development of this issue without proper empirical experience. The practical application of blockchain technology requires regulation of the legal position of fintech companies, the supervisory powers of the National Bank of Ukraine and the National Commission on Securities and the Stock Market. Attempts to implement the blockchain technology to the norms of public law are studied. However, these attempts have been sporadic, focusing on the “product” of blockchain technology without legalizing the technological basis. The issue of using blockchain technology in open databases, electronic settlements, securities transactions, e-commerce, state administrative services, geo-information infrastructures, etc., has been left out of consideration. It is proposed to make legislative amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On Information Protection in Information and Communication Systems”. The realities require a conceptual update regarding the possibility of using blockchain technology: 1) regulate the algorithm for implementing blockchain technology; 2) determine the mechanism for external software auditing; 3) determine the mechanism for legal protection of nodes; 4) regulate the procedure for obtaining a certificate of compliance of the comprehensive information protection system; 5) determine the central executive body responsible for comprehensive testing.